{"id":3958,"date":"2025-09-22T15:48:23","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T12:18:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/?p=3958"},"modified":"2026-05-26T20:30:30","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T17:00:30","slug":"%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b2-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/learning\/%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b2-%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u00a0<strong>\u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9 d (\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f3 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f2 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc)<\/strong>\u00a0\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u00a0<strong>\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 d \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a (Pt\u060c Pd)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0642 (Fe\u060c Cu)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0644\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c:&nbsp;<strong>\u0622\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture><source sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" type=\"image\/avif\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals.avif 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2x.avif 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2.8x.avif 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-3x.avif 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2x.avif 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2.8x.avif 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-3x.avif 2304w\"><source sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals.webp 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2x.webp 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2.8x.webp 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-3x.webp 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2x.webp 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2.8x.webp 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-3x.webp 2304w\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" data-id=\"3961\" src=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals.jpg\" alt=\"\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc\" class=\"wp-image-3961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-2.8x.jpg 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-300x169-3x.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2x.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-2.8x.jpg 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/TransitionMetals-768x432-3x.jpg 2304w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/chemed.chem.purdue.edu\/genchem\/topicreview\/bp\/ch12\/trans.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/a> \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645) \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc d \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0634 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062a\u060c \u0631\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f3 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f2 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9 d\u00bb \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c \u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u067e\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/periodic-table.rsc.org\/element\/21\/scandium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645<\/a> (Sc) \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u06f2\u06f1 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/th><th>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06f4<\/th><th>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06f5<\/th><th>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06f6<\/th><th>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06f7<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u06f3<\/td><td>\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645 (Sc)<\/td><td>\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0645 (Y)<\/td><td>\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 (La)<\/td><td>\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 (Ac)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06f4<\/td><td>\u062a\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Ti)<\/td><td>\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Zr)<\/td><td>\u0647\u0627\u0641\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Hf)<\/td><td>\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Rf)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06f8<\/td><td>\u0622\u0647\u0646 (Fe)<\/td><td>\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Ru)<\/td><td>\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Os)<\/td><td>\u0647\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Hs)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u06f1\u06f1<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633 (Cu)<\/td><td>\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647 (Ag)<\/td><td>\u0637\u0644\u0627 (Au)<\/td><td>\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u06af\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 (Rg)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0686\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0633\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u0626\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0647\u0646\u200c\u0631\u0628\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0631 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u067e \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06f1. \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u06af\u0644\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0646) \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06f2. \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06f3. \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture><source sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" type=\"image\/avif\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds.avif 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2x.avif 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2.8x.avif 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-3x.avif 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2x.avif 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2.8x.avif 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-3x.avif 2304w\"><source sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds.webp 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2x.webp 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2.8x.webp 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-3x.webp 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2x.webp 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2.8x.webp 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-3x.webp 2304w\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" src=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647\" class=\"wp-image-3960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-2.8x.jpg 840w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-300x169-3x.jpg 900w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2x.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-2.8x.jpg 2150w, https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/transition-metal-compounds-768x432-3x.jpg 2304w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u0645\u0646\u06af\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0634 \u0648 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\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u060c \u0686\u06a9\u0634\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0647\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc 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\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u06a9 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u067e\u0644\u0646\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0637\u0644\u0627 (Au) \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 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\u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0686\u06a9\u0634\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0637\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f8 \u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 (\u06f7\u06f5\u06f0) \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06f7\u06f5\u066a \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u06f2\u06f5\u066a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698<\/th><th>\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647<\/th><th>\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0631\u062f<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647<\/td><td>\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f<\/td><td>\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u060c \u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645<\/td><td>\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f-\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0631\u0632\u06af\u0644\u062f<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633<\/td><td>\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc-\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0632<\/td><td>\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647<\/td><td>\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0628\u0632 \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u06a9\u0634\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<br>\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0633 \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><picture><source sizes=\"\" type=\"image\/avif\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/question-mark-dash-min.avif 0w\"><source sizes=\"\" type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/question-mark-dash-min.webp 0w\"><img srcset=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/question-mark-dash-min.png 0w\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"41\" src=\"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/question-mark-dash-min.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4947\" style=\"width:40px\"\/><\/picture><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:22px\">\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"rank-math-faq\" class=\"rank-math-block\">\n<div class=\"rank-math-list \">\n<div id=\"faq-question-6a15d1aed4ec1\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6a15d1aed4eca\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">\u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u06f3 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6a15d1aed4ecc\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u063a\u0644\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6a15d1aed4ece\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">\u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 IUPAC \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062e\u06cc\u0631<\/strong>\u061b \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u00a0<strong>d \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"faq-question-6a15d1aed4ed0\" class=\"rank-math-list-item\">\n<h3 class=\"rank-math-question \">\u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<div class=\"rank-math-answer \">\n\n<p>\u0628\u0647\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u06f3 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f2)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u00a0<strong>\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627 d \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c\u00a0<strong>\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/chemistry\/transition-metals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ebsco.com<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/transition-metal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">britannica.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647\u00a0\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u00a0\u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9 d (\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f3 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f2 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc)\u00a0\u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u00a0\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 d \u0646\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f: \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4044,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"[]"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3958"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8092,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958\/revisions\/8092"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4044"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wallgold.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}